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massimolippi 发表于 2008-8-26 21:01

《萨利克法典》介绍、部分内容及译文

一、概述

5世纪时萨利克人的习惯法汇编。[url=http://baike.baidu.com/view/174529.htm][color=black]墨洛温王朝[/color][/url]的创始人[url=http://baike.baidu.com/view/118869.htm][color=black]克洛维[/color][/url]统治后期(约507~511)颁布的。它在克洛维的后继人统治时期曾两度被重新颁布,而在加洛林王朝统治时期又经反复修改和系统化。《萨利克法典》主要是一部刑法典和程序法典,列举了各种违法犯罪应科处的赔偿金。但它也包括一些民法的法令,其中有一章宣布女儿不得继承土地。16世纪时,这一章被错误地引来作为妇女不能继承王位这一现行法律推定的权威依据。

二、起源

萨利克法典发源于法兰克人萨利克部族中通行的各种习惯法,并因此而得名。在公元6世纪初,这些习惯法被法兰克帝国国王克洛维一世汇编为法律。萨利克法典是查理曼帝国法律的基础。

萨利克法典主要是一部刑法典和程序法典,极其详细规定了列举了各种违法犯罪应科处的赔偿金,其中对于人身伤害、财产损害、偷盗和侮辱的赔偿规定尤为详细,并规定受害者所得到的赔偿金的三分之一应交给王室。萨利克法典也包括一些民法的法令,其中包括女性后裔不得继承土地的条款。但是6世纪下半叶,法兰克国王希尔伯利克曾经颁布过一道修改萨利克法典的敕令,规定死者如无子嗣,土地由其女儿继承,而不再交还公社。

三、影响

萨利克法典中有关女性继承权的规定随着法兰克帝国的fen lie和联姻扩散到大多数欧洲的天主教国家中,女性无权继承土地的规定逐渐演变为对女性继承权的剥夺,并对中世纪和近代欧洲历史产生了很大的影响。奥地利王位继承战争和西班牙的卡洛斯战争,其起源都是旁系男性继承人对直系女性继承人权利的争议。

英法百年战争诱因之一,就是法国卡佩王朝查理四世死后没有男性继承人,英格兰国王爱德华三世因是查理四世妹妹伊莎贝拉的儿子要求得到法国的王位,法国方面则认定萨利克法典不支持女性系后裔的继承权,查理四世的堂兄腓力六世随之加冕,开创法国的瓦卢瓦王朝,爱德华三世虽然妥协,但冲突的火种已然埋下。

英国王位允许女性继承,但汉诺威实行萨利克法,因此汉诺威王朝的维多利亚女王在继承英国王位时,不得不把汉诺威王位传给其叔父坎伯兰公爵。此外,在唯一仍由英国统治的原诺曼底公国领土——海峡群岛上,英国女王伊丽莎白二世的头衔是诺曼公爵(Duke of Normandy),而非“女公爵”(Duchess)。

为了回避萨利克法典的不利影响,波兰女王Jadwiga Angevin在1384年继承波兰王位时,宣布自己为国王(Hedvig Rex Poloniæa),而非女王(Hedvig Regina Poloniæa)。

massimolippi 发表于 2008-8-26 21:02

Title I Concerning Summonses  

1 . If any one be summoned before the "Thing" by the king's law, and do not come, he shall be sentenced to 600 denars, which make 15 shillings (solidi).  

2. But he who summons another, and does not come himself, shall, if a lawful impediment have not delayed him, be sentenced to 15 shillings, to be paid to him whom he summoned.  

Title III. Concerning Thefts of Cattle  

4. If any one steal that bull which rules the herd and never has been yoked, he shall be sentenced to 1800 denars, which make 45 shillings.  

5. But if that bull is used for the cows of three villages in common, he who stole him shall be sentenced to three times 45 shillings.  

6. If any one steal a bull belonging to the king he shall be sentenced to 3600 denars, which make 90 shillings.  

Title XI Concerning Thefts or Housebreakings of Freemen  

1. If any freeman steal, outside of the house, something worth  

2 denars, he shall be sentenced to 600 denars, which make 15 shillings.  

2. But if he steal, outside of the house, something worth 40 denars, and it be proved on him, he shall be sentenced, besides the amount and the fines for delay, to 1400 denars, which make 35 shillings.  

3. If a freeman break into a house and steal something worth 2 denars, and it be proved on him, he shall be sentenced to 15 shillings.  

4. But if he shall have stolen something worth more than 5 denars, and it have been proved on him, he shall be sentenced, besides the worth of the object and the fines for delay, to 1400 denars, which make 35 shillings.  

5. But if he have broken, or tampered with, the lock, and thus have entered the house and stolen anything from it, he shall be senteiiced, besides the worth of the object and the fines for delay, to 1800 denars, which make 45 shillings.  

6. And if he have taken nothing, or have escaped by flight, he shall, for the housebreaking alone, be sentenced to 1200 denars, which make 30 shillings.  

Title XIII. (.oncffit'ng Rape Committed by Freemen  

1 .If three men car off a free born girl, they shall be compelled to pay 30 shillings.  

2. If there are more than three, each one shall pay five shillings.  

3. Those who shall have been present with boats shall be sentenced to three shillings.  

4. But those who commit rape shall be compelled to pay 2500 denars, which make 63 shillings.  

5. But if they have carried off that girl from behind lock and key, or from the spinning room, they shall be sentenced to the above price and penalty.  

6. But if the girl who is carried off be under the king's protection then the "firth" (peace-money) shall be 2500 denars, which make 63 shillings.  

Title XIV. Concerning Assault and Robbery  

1 . If any one have assaulted and plundered a freeman, and it be proved on him, he shall be sentenced to 2500 denars, which make 63 shillings.  

2. If a Roman have plundered a Salian Frank, the above law shall be ordered.  

3. But if a Frank have plundered a Roman, he shall be sentenced to 35 shillings.  

4. If any man should wish to migrate, and have permission from the king, and shall have shown this in the public "Thing": whoever, contrary to the decreee of the king, shall presume to oppose him, shall be sentenced to 8000 denars, which make 200 shillings.  

Title XVII. Concerning Wounds  

1. If any one have wished to kill another person, and the blow have inissed, he on whom it was proved shall be sentenced to 2500 denars, which make 63 shillings.  

2. If any person have wished to strike another with a poisoned arrow, and the arrow have glanced aside, and it shall be proved on him: he shall be sentenced to 2500 denars, which make 63 shillings.  

3. If any person strike another on the head so that the brain appears, and the three bones which lie above the brain shall project, he shall be sentenced to 1200 denars, which make 30 shillings.  

4. But if it shall have been between the ribs or in the stomach, so that the wound appears and reaches to the entrails, he shall be sentenced to 1200 denars-which make 30 shillings-besides five shillings for the physician's pay.  

5. If any one shall have struck a man so that blood falls to the floor, and it be proved on him, he shall be sentenced to 600 denars, which make 15 shillings.  

6. But if a freeman strike a freeman with his fist so that blood does not flow, he shall be sentenced for each blow-up to 3 blowsto 120 denars, which make 3 shillings.  

Title XXIV. Concerning the Killing of Little Children and Women  

1. If any one have slain a boy under 10 years-up to the end of the tenth-and it shall have been proved on him, he shall be sentenced to 24000 denars, which make 600 shillings.  

3. If any one have hit a free woman who is pregnant, and she dies, he shall be sentenced to 28000 denars, which makes 700 shillings.  

6. If any one have killed a free woman after she has begun bearing children, he shall be sentenced to 24000 denars, which make 600 shillings.  

7. After she can have no more children, he who kills her shall be sentenced to 8000 denars, which make 200 shillings.  

Title XXX. Concerning Insults  

3. If any one, man or woman, shall have called a woman harlot, and a not have been able to prove it, he shall be sentenced to 1800 denars, which make 45 shillings.  

4. If any person shall have called another "fox," he shall be sentenced to 3 shillings.  

5. If any man shall have called another "hare," he shall be sentenced to 3 shillings.  

Title XLI Concerning the Murder of Freemen  

1. If any one shall have killed a free Frank, or a barbarian living under the Salic law, and it have been proved on him, he shall be sentenced to 8000 denars.  

2. But if he shall have thrown him into a well or into the water, or shall have covered him with branches or anything else, to conceal him, he shall be sentenced to 24000 denars, which make 600 shillings.  

3. But if any one has slain a man who is in the service of the king, he shall be sentenced to 24000 denars, which make 600 shillings.  

4. But if he have put him in the water or in a well, and covered him with anything to conceal him, he shall be sentenced to 72000 denars, which make 1800 shillings.  

5. If any one have slain a Roman who eats in the king's palace, and it have been proved on him, he shall be sentenced to 12000 denars, which make 300 shillings.  

6. But if the Roman shall not have been a landed proprietor and table companion of the king, he who killed him shall be sentenced to 4000 denars, which make 100 shillings.  

Title LVII. Conceming the "Chrenecruda "  

1. If any one have killed a man, and, having given up all his property, has not enough to comply with the full terms of the law, he shall present 12 sworn witnesses to the effect that, neither above the earth nor under it, has he any more property than he has already given, And he shall afterwards go into his house, and shall collect in his hand dust from the four corners of it, and shall afterwards stand upon the threshold, looking inwards into the house. And then, with his left hand, he shall throw over his shoulder some of that dust on the nearest relative that he has. But if his father and (his father's) brothers have already paid, he shall then throw that dust on their (the brothers') children-that is, over three (relatives) who are nearest on the fathcr's and three on the mother's side. And after that, in his shirt, without girdle and without shoes, a staff in his hand, he shall spring over the hedge. And then those three shall pay half of what is lacking of the compounding money or the legal fine; that is, those others who are descended in the paternal line shall do this.  

2. But if there be one of those relatives who has not enough to pay his whole indebtedness, he, the poorer one, shall in turn throw the "chrenecruda" on him of them who has the most, so that he shall pay the whole fine.  

3. But if he also have not enough to pay the whole, then he who has charge of the murderer shall bring him before the "Thing," and afterwards to 4 Things, in order that they (his friends) may take him under their protection. And if no one have taken him under his protection-that is, so as to redeem him for what he can not pay-then he shall have to atone with his life.  

Title LIX. Concerning Private Property  

1. If any man die and leave no sons, if the father and mother survive, they shall inherit.  

2. If the father and mother do not survive, and he leave brothers or sisters, they shall inherit.  

3. But if there are none, the sisters of the father shall inherit.  

4. But if there are no sisters of the father, the sisters of the mother shall claim the inheritance.  

5. If there are none of these, the nearest relative on the fathcr's side shall succeed to that inheritance.  

6. But of Salic land no portion of the inheritance shall come to a woman: but the whole inheritance of the land shall come to the male sex.  

Title LXII. Concerning Wergeld  

1 . If any one's father have been killed, the sons shall have half the compounding money (wergeld); and the other half the nearest relatives, as well on the mother's as on the father's side, shall divide among themselves.  

2. But if there are no relatives, paternal or maternal, that portion shall go to the fisc.  

from "The Salic Law," in Ernest F. Henderson, Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, (London: George Bell and Sons, 1910), pp. 176-189

massimolippi 发表于 2008-8-26 21:14

标题一有关传票
1 。如果任何一个被传唤前“东西”由国王的法律,和不来,他将被判处600第纳尔,使一十五先令( solidi ) 。
2 。但他谁的传票,并没有自己来,应,如果一个合法的障碍,没有延迟,他将被判处15先令,要付给他的人,他召见。

标题三。关于盗窃牛
4 。如果任何1次抢断,认为牛市哪些规则羊群和从未已yoked ,他将被判处1800第纳尔,使45先令。
5 。但如果牛市是用于奶牛的三个村庄,在共同的,他谁偷走他将被判处3倍四十五先令。
6 。如果任何一个窃取牛市属于国王,他将被判处3600第纳尔,使九十〇先令。 hda  

第十一章关于盗窃或housebreakings的自由人
1 。如果任何弗里曼为境外窃取,以外的房子,值得
2第纳尔,他将被判处600第纳尔,使十五先令。  
2 。但如果他为境外窃取,以外的房子,值得40第纳尔,并证明对他时,他将被判处,除了金额和罚款的延误,到1400第纳尔,使三十五先令。
3 。如果弗里曼破门进入一所房子和窃取值得2第纳尔,它被证明对他时,他将被判处一十五先令。
4 。但如果他有被盗的东西价值超过5第纳尔,它已被证明对他时,他将被判处,除了价值目标和罚款的延误,到1400第纳尔,使35先令。
5 。但如果他有损坏,或篡改,锁定,因此,已进入众议院和被盗什么,他应senteiiced ,除了价值目标和罚款的延误,到1800第纳尔,使四五先令。 6 。如果他采取了什么,或有逃脱的飞行,他须为housebreaking ,仅被判处1200第纳尔,使30先令。
标题十三。 ( 。 oncffit'ng强Jian由自由人
1 。如果三名男子,车过一个自由出生的女孩,他们应被强迫支付三零先令。
2 。如果有多于3 ,每个人应支付5先令。
3 。这些谁应已与目前的船只将被判处三先令。
4 。但那些谁犯下强Jian罪,应被强迫支付2500第纳尔,使63先令。
5 。但如果他们进行抵销女孩从背后的锁和关键,还是从纺纱室,他们将被判处上述价格和罚款。
6 。但如果该名女童谁是进行小康受到国王的保护的话, “河口” (和平-金钱)应2500第纳尔,使六三先令。
标题十四。有关殴打和抢劫 ~hC.5  
1 。如果任何一个有殴打和掠夺一弗里曼,并证明对他时,他将被判处2500第纳尔,使六十三先令。  
2 。如果罗马有掠夺一撒利坦白说,上述法律,责令。
3 。但如果坦诚有掠夺的罗马,他将被判处三五先令。
4 。如果任何人应该想迁移,并有权限,由国王,并应表现出这方面的公众“东西” :谁,违反了decreee的国王,应推定反对他的,将被处以8000第纳尔,使二零零先令。
标题十七。关于伤口
1 。如果任何一个有希望杀死另一人,以及打击有inissed ,他的人证明它是将被处以2500第纳尔,使63先令。
2 。如果任何人都希望罢工的另一个与毒害的箭头,箭头有glanced外,并应证明对他说:他将被判处2500第纳尔,使六三先令。
3 。如果任何人对罢工的另一头,使大脑出现时,和三个骨头,其中的谎言上述脑应计划,他将被判处1200第纳尔,使30先令。

4 。但如果它应已之间的肋骨,或在胃,使伤口出现的达到向entrails ,他将被判处1200第纳尔-使三十〇先令-除了5先令为医师的薪酬。
5 。如果任何人不得有深刻的一名男子,使血压下降到地板上,它被证明对他时,他将被判处600第纳尔,使15先令。
6 。但如果罢工弗里曼一弗里曼与他的拳头,使血液不流通,他将被判处为每个打击行动3 blowsto 120第纳尔,使三先令。
标题二十四。关于杀害小的儿童和妇女
1 。如果任何一个已被杀害一名男童在10年到去年底的第十和它应已被证明对他时,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使600先令。
3 。如果任何一个有击中一个自由的女子谁是怀孕,和她去世,他将被判处2.8万第纳尔,这使得七〇 〇先令。
  
6 。如果任何一个杀害了一个自由的女子后,她已开始生育,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使六零零先令。
7 。之后,她可以有更多的孩子没有,他谁杀死她将被判处8000第纳尔,使二〇 〇先令。
标题三十。关于侮辱
3 。如果任何一个,男人还是女人,应具有所谓的一名女子harlot ,并无法证明这一点,他将被判处1800第纳尔,使四五先令。
4 。如果任何人不得有所谓的另一种“狐狸” ,他将被判处三先令。
5 。如果任何人不得有所谓的另一个“兔子” ,他将被判处3先令。
标题四十一有关的谋杀案有关自由人
1 。如果任何人不得杀害了一个自由,坦诚,或一番下生活的萨利克法,它已被证明对他时,他将被判处8000第纳尔。
2 。但如果他有投掷他成为一个好或入水中,或应已涵盖他与党支部或其他事物,隐瞒,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使六〇 〇先令。
3 。但如果任何一个已被杀害一名男子究竟是谁在服务的国王,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使六百先令。
4 。但如果他提出的,他在水或在一个良好,所涵盖的他与任何隐瞒,他将被判处72000第纳尔,使1800先令。
  
5 。如果任何人应该想迁移,并有权限,由国王,并应表现出这方面的公众“东西” :谁,违反了decreee的国王,应推定反对他的,将被处以8000第纳尔,使二零零先令。
标题十七。关于伤口
1 。如果任何一个有希望杀死另一人,以及打击有inissed ,他的人证明它是将被处以2500第纳尔,使63先令。
2 。如果任何人都希望罢工的另一个与毒害的箭头,箭头有glanced外,并应证明对他说:他将被判处2500第纳尔,使六三先令。
3 。如果任何人对罢工的另一头,使大脑出现时,和三个骨头,其中的谎言上述脑应计划,他将被判处1200第纳尔,使30先令。
4 。但如果它应已之间的肋骨,或在胃,使伤口出现的达到向entrails ,他将被判处1200第纳尔-使三十〇先令-除了5先令为医师的薪酬。
5 。如果任何人不得有深刻的一名男子,使血压下降到地板上,它被证明对他时,他将被判处600第纳尔,使15先令。 
6 。但如果罢工弗里曼一弗里曼与他的拳头,使血液不流通,他将被判处为每个打击行动3 blowsto 120第纳尔,使三先令。

标题二十四。关于杀害小的儿童和妇女
1 。如果任何一个已被杀害一名男童在10年到去年底的第十和它应已被证明对他时,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使600先令。
3 。如果任何一个有击中一个自由的女子谁是怀孕,和她去世,他将被判处2.8万第纳尔,这使得七〇 〇先令。
6 。如果任何一个杀害了一个自由的女子后,她已开始生育,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使六零零先令。
7 。之后,她可以有更多的孩子没有,他谁杀死她将被判处8000第纳尔,使二〇 〇先令。  
标题三十。关于侮辱
  
3 。如果任何一个,男人还是女人,应具有所谓的一名女子harlot ,并无法证明这一点,他将被判处1800第纳尔,使四五先令。
4 。如果任何人不得有所谓的另一种“狐狸” ,他将被判处三先令。
5 。如果任何人不得有所谓的另一个“兔子” ,他将被判处3先令。
标题四十一有关的谋杀案有关自由人
1 。如果任何人不得杀害了一个自由,坦诚,或一番下生活的萨利克法,它已被证明对他时,他将被判处8000第纳尔。
2 。但如果他有投掷他成为一个好或入水中,或应已涵盖他与党支部或其他事物,隐瞒,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使六〇 〇先令。
3 。但如果任何一个已被杀害一名男子究竟是谁在服务的国王,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使六百先令。
4 。但如果他提出的,他在水或在一个良好,所涵盖的他与任何隐瞒,他将被判处72000第纳尔,使1800先令。
4 。如果任何人应该想迁移,并有权限,由国王,并应表现出这方面的公众“东西” :谁,违反了decreee的国王,应推定反对他的,将被处以8000第纳尔,使二零零先令。
标题十七。关于伤口
1 。如果任何一个有希望杀死另一人,以及打击有inissed ,他的人证明它是将被处以2500第纳尔,使63先令。
  
2 。如果任何人都希望罢工的另一个与毒害的箭头,箭头有glanced外,并应证明对他说:他将被判处2500第纳尔,使六三先令。
3 。如果任何人对罢工的另一头,使大脑出现时,和三个骨头,其中的谎言上述脑应计划,他将被判处1200第纳尔,使30先令。
4 。但如果它应已之间的肋骨,或在胃,使伤口出现的达到向entrails ,他将被判处1200第纳尔-使三十〇先令-除了5先令为医师的薪酬。
5 。如果任何人不得有深刻的一名男子,使血压下降到地板上,它被证明对他时,他将被判处600第纳尔,使15先令。
6 。但如果罢工弗里曼一弗里曼与他的拳头,使血液不流通,他将被判处为每个打击行动3 blowsto 120第纳尔,使三先令。
  
标题二十四。关于杀害小的儿童和妇女
1 。如果任何一个已被杀害一名男童在10年到去年底的第十和它应已被证明对他时,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使600先令。
3 。如果任何一个有击中一个自由的女子谁是怀孕,和她去世,他将被判处2.8万第纳尔,这使得七〇 〇先令。
6 。如果任何一个杀害了一个自由的女子后,她已开始生育,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使六零零先令。
7 。之后,她可以有更多的孩子没有,他谁杀死她将被判处8000第纳尔,使二〇 〇先令。
标题三十。关于侮辱
  
3 。如果任何一个,男人还是女人,应具有所谓的一名女子harlot ,并无法证明这一点,他将被判处1800第纳尔,使四五先令。
4 。如果任何人不得有所谓的另一种“狐狸” ,他将被判处三先令。
5 。如果任何人不得有所谓的另一个“兔子” ,他将被判处3先令。
标题四十一有关的谋杀案有关自由人
1 。如果任何人不得杀害了一个自由,坦诚,或一番下生活的萨利克法,它已被证明对他时,他将被判处8000第纳尔。   
2 。但如果他有投掷他成为一个好或入水中,或应已涵盖他与党支部或其他事物,隐瞒,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使六〇 〇先令。
3 。但如果任何一个已被杀害一名男子究竟是谁在服务的国王,他将被判处24000第纳尔,使六百先令。
4 。但如果他提出的,他在水或在一个良好,所涵盖的他与任何隐瞒,他将被判处72000第纳尔,使1800先令。
5 。如果任何一个已被杀害一名罗马谁吃在国王的宫殿,它已被证明对他时,他将被判处12000第纳尔,使三○○先令。
6 。但如果罗马不得已经降落的东主及表伴侣的国王,他谁杀了他将被判处4000第纳尔,使一百先令。
标题lvii 。 conceming “ chrenecruda ”
1 。如果任何一个杀害了一名男子,并放弃了他的所有财产,已没有足够的遵守有关的全部条款的法律,他应目前的12证人宣誓就职,其大意是,无论是地球上空,也没有下,已他的任何更多的财产比他已给予,他会后,进入他的房子,并应收集在他手中的尘埃,四个角落,并应事后的立场后,阈值,寻找向内进入家中。然后,他的左手,他须丢他的肩膀说,一些粉尘对最接近的亲戚,他已。但如果他的父亲和(他父亲的)兄弟已经支付的,他须,然后扔认为,粉尘对他们(兄弟)儿童是,超过三(亲属)谁是最接近的对fathcr的和三对母亲的一面。这之后,在他的衬衣,无肩带及无鞋,一名工作人员在他手中,他须在春季对冲。然后这些三应支付一半,什么是缺乏复合金钱或法律的罚款,这就是那些别人是谁的后裔,在父系应做到这一点。
2 。但如果有其中一人的亲属谁没有足够支付他的整个的负债,他在较穷的一,应在转投“ chrenecruda ”对他,他们谁拥有最,让他应支付的整体罚款。
3 。但如果他还没有足够支付整个的话,他已谁负责凶手应把他之前的“事” ,随后至4事情,为了使他们(朋友)可能需要他根据对他们的保护。如果没有人已采取他在他的保护是,以赎回他什么,他不能支付,然后他会以赎罪,与他的生命。
标题lix 。关于私有财产
1 。如果任何人死亡,不留儿子,如果父亲和母亲的生存,他们应继承。   
2 。如果父亲和母亲无法生存,他离开的兄弟或姐妹,他们应继承。
3 。但是,如果有,没有,姐妹的父亲,应继承。
4 。但是,如果有没有姐妹的父亲,姐妹的母亲,应要求继承。
5 。若没有这些,最接近的相对就fathcr的一方应继承表示,继承。
6 。但萨利克土地的任何部分的继承应来一女:但整个继承的土地,应来的男性性别。
标题lxii 。关于wergeld
1 。如果任何一个的父亲已被杀害,儿子有一半的复合货币( wergeld ) ;和另一半最近的亲属,以及对母亲的作为对父亲的一方,应在它们之间鸿沟。
2 。但是,如果有没有亲戚,父亲或母亲,这部分应到fisc 。

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